MikeRun, CC BY-SA 4.0 Simple stress and stress. And elastic constant
Elasticity
Elasticity is the property of a material by virtue of which it can regain its original shape and size after the removal of a deforming force.
Plasticity
Plasticity is the lack of elasticity. It refers to the ability of a material to change without destruction under the action of external loads once the forces are removed.
Ductility
Ductility is the property of a material to undergo considerable deformation under tension before rupture. It allows the material to be drawn into thin wires when a tensile force is applied. Some examples of ductile metals are steel, aluminum, and copper.
Malleability
Malleability is the property of a material to be beaten into thin sheets without cracking when hammered.
Hardness
Hardness is the ability of a material to resist wear, scratching, or penetration by a hard body. It can also refer to the ability of a material to cut another metal.
Fatigue
Fatigue is the phenomenon of failure in a material under repeated load.
Creep
Creep is the continuous deformation that occurs with time while applying an external load. An example is the deformation of a belt in a pulley drive.
Hook's Law
Hook's Law states that when a material is loaded within its elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to the strain. Mathematically, σ ∝ ε, where σ is the stress and ε is the strain.
Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity (E) is defined as the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic limit. It represents the stiffness of a material.
Poisson's Ratio
Poisson's ratio (µ or 1/m) is the ratio of lateral strain to linear strain in a material when loaded within its elastic limit. It measures the lateral contraction or expansion of a material due to an applied longitudinal force. A common value of Poisson's ratio for cast iron is between 0.21 to 0.26.
Composite Section
A composite section refers to a structural configuration where two or more members of different materials are connected together and subjected to loads.
Modular Ratio
Hook's Law states that when a material is loaded within its elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to the strain: σ ∝ ε. Mathematically, σ = E × ε.
Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic limit: E = σ / ε.
Lateral Strain
Lateral strain refers to the strain in a direction perpendicular to the applied force. It is also known as secondary strain.
Bulk Modulus
The bulk modulus is the ratio of the direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain of a body when subjected to stresses.
Poisson's Ratio
Poisson's ratio (μ or 1/m) is the ratio of lateral strain to linear strain in a material within its elastic limit.
Common value of Poisson's ratio for cast iron (C.I.) is 0.21 to 0.26.
Composite Section
A composite section refers to a section formed by connecting two or more members of different materials together and subjecting them to loads.
Modular Ratio
The modular ratio (m) is defined as the ratio of the moduli of elasticity of two different materials: m = E1 / E2.
Relationship between Young's Modulus, Modulus of Rigidity, and Bulk Modulus
E = 9K𝐺 / (G + 3K)
